Revelation 6:12-17
I watched as he opened the sixth seal. There was a great earthquake. The sun turned black like sackcloth made of goat hair, the whole moon turned blood red, and the stars in the sky fell to earth, as late figs drop from a fig tree when shaken by a strong wind. The sky receded like a scroll, rolling up, and every mountain and island was removed from its place. Then the kings of the earth, the princes, the generals, the rich, the mighty, and every slave and every free man hid in caves and among the rocks of the mountains. They called to the mountains and the rocks, "Fall on us and hide us from the face of him who sits on the throne and from the wrath of the Lamb! For the great day of their wrath has come, and who can stand?"

Isaiah 6:1, 9-10
An oracle concerning Babylon that Isaiah son of Amoz saw: … See, the day of the LORD is coming—a cruel day, with wrath and fierce anger—to make the land desolate and destroy the sinners within it. The stars of heaven and their constellations will not show their light. The rising sun will be darkened and the moon will not give its light.

Isaiah 34:4-5
All the stars of the heavens will be dissolved and the sky rolled up like a scroll; all the starry host will fall like withered leaves from the vine, like shriveled figs from the fig tree. My sword has drunk its fill in the heavens; see, it descends in judgment on Edom, the people I have totally destroyed.

Ezekiel 32:2, 7-8
"Son of man, take up a lament concerning Pharaoh king of Egypt and say to him: … ‘When I snuff you out, I will cover the heavens and darken their stars; I will cover the sun with a cloud, and the moon will not give its light. All the shining lights in the heavens I will darken over you; I will bring darkness over your land, declares the Sovereign LORD.’"

Amos 5:1, 18
Hear this word, O house of Israel, this lament I take up concerning you: … ‘Woe to you who long for the day of the LORD! Why do you long for the day of the LORD? That day will be darkness, not light.’

Amos 8:9
"In that day," declares the Sovereign LORD, "I will make the sun go down at noon and darken the earth in broad daylight."

Jeremiah 4:23-28
I looked at the earth, it was formless and empty; and at the heavens, and their light was gone. I looked at the mountains, and they were quaking; all the hills were swaying. I looked, and there were no people; every bird in the sky had flown away. I looked, and the fruitful land was a desert; all its towns lay in ruins before the LORD, before his fierce anger. This is what the LORD says: "The whole land will be ruined, though I will not destroy it completely. Therefore the earth will mourn and the heavens above grow dark, because I have spoken and will not relent, I have decided and will not turn back."

As has been quoted in each of these, these instances of the sun darkening, the moon not giving light, the stars falling, and quaking of the earth happened numerous times before. The first quote from Isaiah depicts it happening to Babylon, the second in regards to Edom. Ezekiel tells of it happening to Egypt, and Amos and Jeremiah record it happening to the nation of Israel. Yet no historical records from around the world tell of the sun actually darkening, the moon darkening, the stars falling, or islands and mountains moving from their places. Even in the instance when Jesus used the same expression (Matthew 24:29), it was never meant to be interpreted literally, just as in the same manner "it’s raining cats and dogs" was never meant to be interpreted literally. Jewish writings are filled with what can be called "prophetic hyperboles." Such expressions are intended to convey a certain idea in an over-the-top manner so that a point is made. Whenever the hyperbolic expressions of the sun darkening, the moon not giving its light, the stars falling, and the sky rolling up has been used, it was always in reference to a judgment upon a nation. In that same manner as it has always been used before, John uses it in Revelation to indicate the severity of a certain event. The Revelation’s usage of the idiom correlates to what Jesus said in His Olivet Discourse.

Matthew 24:29-30
Immediately after the distress of those days 'the sun will be darkened, and the moon will not give its light; the stars will fall from the sky, and the heavenly bodies will be shaken.' At that time the sign of the Son of Man will appear in the sky, and all the nations of the earth will mourn. They will see the Son of Man coming on the clouds of the sky, with power and great glory.

The apparent coming judgment signaled by the supposed darkened sun and moon and fallen stars coincides with the Son of Man making His coming on the clouds of heaven. Now, keep in mind that each time the sun-moon-stars phrase was used, that judgment was pronounced over a certain nation, with the list including Israel. If one takes a look at the Old Testament, the books are filled with a certain cycle: Israel pleases God, God provides Israel with prosperity, Israel becomes wicked, God sends prophets to bring Israel back to Him, Israel continues in its wickedness, God’s prophets predict doom on Israel, Israel continues in its wickedness, God punishes Israel for its evils through the form of invading armies, Israel loses its prosperity, and finally, over time, Israel turns back to God, repents of its sins, and God is pleased and returns prosperity to Israel. One of the most memorable times is when Israel’s wickedness incites God into sending Nebuchadnezzar and the Chaldeans to destroy the first temple of Jerusalem and exile the nobility to Babylon.

In essence, Jesus in His Olivet Discourse and John in the Revelation are prophesying another judgment upon Israel. So what exactly would incite God against His people, specifically in a time after Jesus resurrection? Well, keeping consistent with the cycle the Bible presents to us, that Israel must have collectively done something wicked to warrant such judgment prophesied against them. The only real answer could be that Israel, collectively, rejected Jesus as the the messiah and their God. And if you read the epistles, the authors (Paul, Peter, John, James, Jude) all make references that they were in the "last days" and that they were in "the last hour," and very specifically, that judgment was "soon" to come, and even in a couple of accounts that salvation was "near."

So was there anything in history that happened after the epistles (including Revelation) were written that would be consistent with the Biblical cycle of Israel and God's relationship, of Israel repeatedly turning its back on God and God enacting judgment upon their sins? As it happens, yes. As you've probably read before, the Roman Empire marches it armies against Jerusalem and conquer it. Thousands of Jews are killed. Thousands more are scattered or enslaved. And how is this Biblical? It's almost exactly the same as what happened so many hundreds of years before when the Chaldean Empire marched agaisnt Jerusalem. Rome even toppled the temple of Jerusalem, just as Jesus prophecied.

Luke 21:20-24
When you see Jerusalem being surrounded by armies, you will know that its desolation is near. Then let those who are in Judea flee to the mountains, let those in the city get out, and let those in the country not enter the city. For this is the time of punishment in fulfillment of all that has been written. How dreadful it will be in those days for pregnant women and nursing mothers! There will be great distress in the land and wrath against this people. They will fall by the sword and will be taken as prisoners to all the nations. Jerusalem will be trampled on by the Gentiles until the times of the Gentiles are fulfilled.

As Jesus and His disciples stood outside the temple of Jerusalem, He said "there will be a time when these stones will be toppled. Not one will be left standing." When His disciples asked Him what signs to look out for, He explained they would encounter famines and earthquakes and warring kingdoms and persecution, and finally, in Jesus' words, "the time of punishment" would be armies, Gentiles, surrounding Jerusalem to destroy it and its temple. And to top it off, Jesus said "I tell you the truth, this generation will certainly not pass away until all these things have happened." Jesus placed a single generation's time limit on when the punishment would come to pass! "I tell you the truth, some who are standing here will not taste death before they see the Son of Man coming in his kingdom." And His kingdom too! And just as Jesus said, and as His disciples prophesied in their epistles that it would happen, the temple and the city were destroyed as judgment, punishment, and it was at the hands of the Roman Gentiles within the timeframe Jesus set.